All About Software

Computer software, or just software, is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".[1] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes and records.[2]
Examples of computer software include:
• Application software includes end-user applications of computers such as word processors or Video games, and ERP software for groups of users.
• Middleware controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
• Programming languages define the syntax and sematics of computer programs. For example, many mature banking applications were written in the COBOL language, originally invented in 1959. Newer applications are often written in more modern programming languages.
• System software includes operating systems, which govern computing resources. Today large applications running on remote machines such as Websites are considered to be system software, because the end-user interface is generally through a Graphical user interface (GUI), such as a web browser.
• Testware is software for testing hardware or a software package.
• Firmware is low-level software often stored on electrically programmable memory devices. Firmware is given its name because it is treated like hardware and run ("executed") by other software programs.
• Shrinkware is the older name given to consumer bought software, because it was often sold in reatail stores in a shrinkwrapped box.
• Device drivers control parts of computers such as disk drives, printers, CD drives, or computer monitors.
• Programming tools help conduct computing tasks in any category listed above. For programmers, these could be tools for debugging, or reverse engineering older legacy systems in order to check source code compatibility.
•
History
For the history prior to 1946, see History of computing hardware.
The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Decision problem).[3] Paul Niquette claims to have coined the term "software" in this sense in 1953,[4] and first used in print by John W. Tukey in 1958.[5] The academic fields studying software are computer science and software engineering.
This section does not cite any references or sources.
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The history of computer software is most often traced back to the first software bug in 1946. As more and more programs enter the realm of firmware, and the hardware itself becomes smaller, cheaper and faster due to Moore's law, elements of computing first considered to be software, join the ranks of hardware. Most hardware companies today have more software programmers on the payroll than hardware designers, since software tools have automated many tasks of Printed circuit board engineers. Just like the Auto industry, the Software industry has grown from a few visionaries operating out of their garage with prototypes. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates were the Henry Ford and Louis Chevrolet of their times, who capitalized on ideas already commonly known before they started in the business. In the case of Software development, this moment is generally agreed to be the publication in the 1980's of the specifications for the IBM Personal Computer published by IBM employee Philip Don Estridge. Today his move would be seen as a type of crowd-sourcing.
Until that time, software was bundled with the hardware by Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as Data General, Digital Equipment and IBM. When a customer bought a minicomputer, at that time the smallest computer on the market, the computer did not come with Pre-installed software, but needed to be installed by engineers employed by the OEM. Computer hardware companies not only bundled their software, they also placed demands on the location of the hardware in a refrigerated space called a computer room. Most companies had their software on the books for 0 dollars, unable to claim it as an asset (this is similar to financing of popular music in those days). When Data General introduced the Data General Nova, a company called Digidyne wanted to use its RDOS operating system on its own hardware clone. Data General refused to license their software (which was hard to do, since it was on the books as a free asset), and claimed their "bundling rights". The Supreme Court set a precedent called Digidyne v. Data General in 1985. The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.[6] Soon after, IBM 'published' its DOS source for free, and Microsoft was born. Unable to sustain the loss from lawyer's fees, Data General ended up being taken over by EMC Corporation. The Supreme Court decision made it possible to value software, and also purchase Software patents. The move by IBM was almost a protest at the time. Few in the industry believed that anyone would profit from it other than IBM (through free publicity). Microsoft and Apple were able to thus cash in on 'soft' products. It is hard to imagine today that people once felt that software was worthless without a machine. There are many successful companies today that sell only software products, though there are still many common software licensing problems due to the complexity of designs and poor documentation, leading to patent trolls.
With open software specifications and the possibility of software licensing, new opportunities arose for software tools that then became the de facto standard, such as DOS for operating systems, but also various proprietary word processing and spreadsheet programs. In a similar growth pattern, proprietary development methods became standard Software development methodology.

A layer structure showing where operating system is located on generally used software systems on desktops
Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored data may have and play in a computer (or similar system), regardless of whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or whether it represents other kinds of information. Software thus encompasses a wide array of products that may be developed using different techniques such as ordinary programming languages, scripting languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration.
The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like OpenOffice, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on an underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics.
Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Programs are an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

Types of software
Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes[citation needed]: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.
System software
System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes a combination of the following:
• device drivers
• operating systems
• servers
• utilities
• windowing systems
The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner. Examples are - Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.
Programming software
Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:
• compilers
• debuggers
• interpreters
• linkers
• text editors
An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions.
Application software
Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks. Typical applications include:
• industrial automation
• business software
• video games
• quantum chemistry and solid state physics software
• telecommunications (i.e., the Internet and everything that flows on it)
• databases
• educational software
• medical software
• military software
• molecular modeling software
• image editing
• spreadsheet
• simulation software
• Word processing
• Decision making software
Application software exists for and has impacted a wide variety of topics.
Software topics
Architecture
See also: Software architecture
Users often see things differently than programmers. People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers and supercomputers) usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user software.
• Platform software: Platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated equipment). Platform software often comes bundled with the computer. On a PC you will usually have the ability to change the platform software.
• Application software: Application software or Applications are what most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples include office suites and video games. Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications. Applications are usually independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system software" as applications.
• User-written software: End-user development tailors systems to meet users' specific needs. User software include spreadsheet templates and word processor templates. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into default application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the original packages, and what has been added by co-workers.
Documentation
Main article: Software documentation
Most software has software documentation so that the end user can understand the program, what it does, and how to use it. Without clear documentation, software can be hard to use—especially if it is very specialized and relatively complex like Photoshop or AutoCAD.
Developer documentation may also exist, either with the code as comments and/or as separate files, detailing how the programs works and can be modified.
Library
Main article: Software library
An executable is almost always not sufficiently complete for direct execution. Software libraries include collections of functions and functionality that may be embedded in other applications. Operating systems include many standard Software libraries, and applications are often distributed with their own libraries.
Standard
Main article: Software standard
Since software can be designed using many different programming languages and in many different operating systems and operating environments, software standard is needed so that different software can understand and exchange information between each other. For instance, an email sent from a Microsoft Outlook should be readable from Yahoo! Mail and vice versa.
Execution
Main article: Execution (computing)
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as the hard drive or memory). Once the software has loaded, the computer is able to execute the software. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation – moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions.
Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly. So, this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together.
Quality and reliability
Main articles: Software quality, Software testing, and Software reliability
Software quality is very important, especially for commercial and system software like Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows and Linux. If software is faulty (buggy), it can delete a person's work, crash the computer and do other unexpected things. Faults and errors are called "bugs." Many bugs are discovered and eliminated (debugged) through software testing. However, software testing rarely – if ever – eliminates every bug; some programmers say that "every program has at least one more bug" (Lubarsky's Law). All major software companies, such as Microsoft, Novell and Sun Microsystems, have their own software testing departments with the specific goal of just testing. Software can be tested through unit testing, regression testing and other methods, which are done manually, or most commonly, automatically, since the amount of code to be tested can be quite large. For instance, NASA has extremely rigorous software testing procedures for many operating systems and communication functions. Many NASA based operations interact and identify each other through command programs called software. This enables many people who work at NASA to check and evaluate functional systems overall. Programs containing command software enable hardware engineering and system operations to function much easier together.
License
Main article: Software license
The software's license gives the user the right to use the software in the licensed environment. Some software comes with the license when purchased off the shelf, or an OEM license when bundled with hardware. Other software comes with a free software license, granting the recipient the rights to modify and redistribute the software. Software can also be in the form of freeware or shareware.
Patents
Main articles: Software patent and Software patent debate
Software can be patented; however, software patents can be controversial in the software industry with many people holding different views about it. The controversy over software patents is that a specific algorithm or technique that the software has may not be duplicated by others and is considered an intellectual property and copyright infringement depending on the severity.
Design and implementation
Main articles: Software development, Computer programming, and Software engineering
Design and implementation of software varies depending on the complexity of the software. For instance, design and creation of Microsoft Word software will take much more time than designing and developing Microsoft Notepad because of the difference in functionalities in each one.
Software is usually designed and created (coded/written/programmed) in integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, Emacs and Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile the program. As noted in different section, software is usually created on top of existing software and the application programming interface

about hardware

Hardware berupa peralatan fisik dari sebuah sistem komputer, peralatan ini terdiri atas 3 jenis, yaitu:
1. Perangkat masukan (Input device)
Perangkat masukan berfungsi untuk memasukkan data, baik berupa teks, foto, maupun gambar ke dalam komputer.Contoh perangkat input misalnya keyboard, mouse, light-pen, scanner, dan sebagainya.

2. perangkat keluaran (Output device)
perangkat keluaran dipergunakan untuk menampung dan menghasilkan data yang dikeluarkan, misalnya monitor dan printer.

3. Perangkat pengolah data (Processor)
Perangkat pengolah data dipergunakan untuk mengolah data.Pengolah data meliputi unit pengolah pusat (CPU/Central Processing Unit) dan juga mikroprosesor.

Macam-macam perangkat keras (hardware):

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Merupakan alat yang berfungsi sebagai pemroses data.CPU berisi rangkaian sirkuit yang menyimpan instruksi-instruksi pemrosesan dan penyimpanan data.

2. Monitor
Merupakan alat yang mampu menampilkan teks maupun gambar dari data yang sedang diproses dalam CPU.

3. Keyboard
Keyboard merupakan alat untuk memasukkan data maupun perintah ke CPU, biasanya terdiri atas rangkaian huruf, angka, dan tombol fungsi lainnya.

4. Mouse
Mouse merupakan alat bantu untuk memberikan perintah dalam memproses data atau mengedit data.

5. Printer
Priter merupakan alat yang memproduksi keluaran data (output) berbentuk cetak, berupa teks maupun gambar/grafik.

6. CD ROM
Alat tambahan (alat peripheral) yang mampu menyimpan dan menuliskan data dan program melalui media CD (Compact Disk).Alat ini didesain mampu menuliskan dan membaca data atau program melalui sistem optik.

7. Compact Disk (CD)
Media penyimpanan yang terbuat dari bahan plastik.Proses penyimpanan dan pembacaan data menggunakan sistem optik.



8. Floppy Disk
Floppy disk merupakan alat tambahan untuk menyimpan atau menuliskan ke dalam disket maupun sebaliknya, ukuran yang umum digunakan adalah ukuran 3,5 inchi.

9. Hardddisk
Harddisk merupakan alat tambahan untuk menyimpan data dalam kapasitas besar yang dilapisi secara magnetis, saat ini perkembangan harddisk sangat cepat dari daya tampung dan kecepatan membaca data.Perlu kalian ketahui saat ini harddisk memang mutlak ada dalam setiap computer atau laptop sebagai penyimpan sistem operasi yang permanen.

10. Scanner
Scanner merupakan alat Bantu untuk memasukkan data berupa gambar atau grafik dan mengubahnya ke dalam bentuk digital sehingga dapat diproses dan digabungkan dengan bentuk data yang berupa teks.

my lovely japan

my lovely japan kisah yang dapat di ambil pelajran bahasa jepang
Pengantar Kisah
Pemeran utama dalam drama “Jepang, Sayangku” adalah seorang pemuda yang bernama Leo. Di negerinya, ia telah mempelajari seni ilmu bela diri ala Jepang, aikidō. Sejak dulu Leo bercita-cita ingin melanjutkan pelajaran aikidōnya di negeri asal aikidō, Jepang. Oleh karena itu, ia pun tekun mempelajari bahasa Jepang. Kini cita-citanya telah tercapai. Drama ini dimulai ketika Leo baru tiba di Jepang, di bandara Narita yang merupakan pintu gerbang Tokyo.

GO GREEN HADIAH TERBAIK BAGI ANAK CUCU ANDA:)

Berikanlah hadiah yang termahal untuk anak cucu anda, Dunia Bebas
Polusi. Hadiah ini bisa anda berikan tanpa harus keluar uang sepeser
pun. Hanya dari diri anda sendiri untuk kebahagiaan dan kesehatan
keturunan andaApa itu? Mudah, cukup terapkan prinsip 4 R berikut dalam keseharian anda. Go Green!

* Reduce (Mengurangi); sebisa mungkin lakukan
minimalisasi barang atau material yang kita pergunakan. Semakin banyak
kita menggunakan material, semakin banyak sampah yang dihasilkan.

* Reuse (Memakai kembali); sebisa mungkin pilihlah
barang-barang yang bisa dipakai kembali. Hindari pemakaian
barang-barang yang disposable (sekali pakai, buang). Hal ini dapat
memperpanjang waktu pemakaian barang sebelum ia menjadi sampah.

* Recycle (Mendaur ulang); sebisa mungkin,
barang-barang yg sudah tidak berguna lagi, bisa didaur ulang. Tidak
semua barang bisa didaur ulang, namun saat ini sudah banyak industri
non-formal dan industri rumah tangga yang memanfaatkan sampah menjadi
barang lain.

* Replace ( Mengganti); teliti barang yang kita
pakai sehari-hari. Gantilah barang barang yang hanya bisa dipakai
sekali dengan barang yang lebih tahan lama. Juga telitilah agar kita
hanya memakai barang-barang yang lebih ramah lingkungan, Misalnya,
ganti kantong keresek kita dnegan keranjang bila berbelanja, dan jangan
pergunakan styrofoam karena kedua bahan ini tidka bisa didegradasi
secara alami.

Mudah dan Murah kan? GO GREEN!

News Anime

Humanoid Typhoon is Back
Aksinya Tak Kalah Seru

Dua belas tahun lalu, Vash the Stampede, sang humanoid typhoon, memorak-porandakan layar kaca dengan aksi baku hantamnya yang menggedor jantung dalam Trigun. Kini Vash kembali dengan aksi yang tak kalah menegangkan lewat Trigun: Badlands Rumble di layar lebar.

Plot Badlands Rumble disusun khusus oleh sutradara Nishimura Satoshi bersama Nightow Yasuhiro, mangaka Trigun, untuk format layar lebar. Tak heran, kisahnya tak berhubungan dengan serial anime Trigun yang tayang pada 1998.

"Tak ada cerita dalam manga yang cukup pendek untuk diangkat menjadi film. Kami memikirkan apa yang ingin disaksikan semua orang dalam waktu singkat. Kami ingin membuat film ini mudah dimengerti dan bisa dinikmati penonton yang tak kenal serialnya," tutur Nishimura.

Sebenarnya, Studio Madhouse dan Nightow tak berniat melanjutkan petualangan Vash. Namun, fans di Amerika Serikat (AS) tak ikhlas berpisah dengan Vash. Mereka membujuk Nightow dan Studio Madhouse. Pada 2005 pendiri Studio Madhouse Maruyama Masao meng-umumkan proyek layar perak Trigun.

Nishimura yang dikontak untuk kembali membidani Trigun menyatakan terkejut saat mendengar rencana itu. Dia tak menyangka Vash dkk begitu dicintai fans. Desainer karakter Trigun Yoshimatsu Takahiro, penata musik Imahori Tsuneo, dan desainer mekanik Jinguji Noriyuki bersedia membantu Nishimura. Begitu pula seiyuu dua tokoh utamanya, Onosaya Masaka (Vash The Stampede) dan Hayami Sho (Nicholas D. Wolfwood).

Kalau umumnya fans Jepang berkesempatan menonton premier, kali ini AS menjadi negara pertama yang memutar Badlands Rumble. Film berdurasi 95 menit itu diputar perdana dalam ajang Sakura-Con 2010 di Seattle, Washington, pada 2 April lalu. Sedangkan fans di Jepang baru bisa menyaksikannya mulai 24 April lalu.

AS dipilih sebagai tempat premiere bukan tanpa alasan. "Badlands Rumble dibuat karena adanya permintaan dari fans Amerika. Akhirnya diputuskan bahwa premier diadakan di sini (AS, Red)," jelas Nishimura saat sesi Q&A di Sakura-Con.

Badlands Rumble mengambil setting lokasi di Makka. Suatu hari, kota yang dikelilingi gurun pasir itu kedatangan Gasback, perampok legendaris yang merupakan buron kelas kakap. Kehadiran Gasback membuat Wali Kota Makka Kepler terpaksa mengundang para bounty hunter. Keadaan makin runyam karena biang onar ikut bertandang ke Makka. Yaitu, Vash yang mengundang bencana ke mana pun dirinya melangkah, Amelia si bounty hunter cantik yang memburu Gasback, Nicholas si pendeta urakan, serta duo Meryl dan Milly dari Bernadelli Insurance.
Did You Know

Menyambut pemutaran Bandlands Rumble pada 24 April 2010, majalah Young King Ours menerbitkan chapter baru serial Trigun. Dua chapter yang ditulis khusus oleh Nightow Yasuhiro itu bisa dibaca dalam Young King Ours edisi Maret dan April. Nightow memberi judul chapter terbaru tersebut Gekijouban Trigun Bangai-hen: Dodongo Kyoudai Honeycombed Village no Kettou.

Untuk memastikan agar tak ada seorang pun yang curi-curi rekam Badlands Rumble pada premiere di Sakura-Con 2010, keamanan diberlakukan sangat ketat. Setiap pengunjung yang hendak menonton digeledah. Semua alat yang bisa digunakan untuk merekam disita.

Sutradara Nishimura Satoshi dan desainer karakter Trigun Yoshimatsu Takahiro diundang menjadi bintang tamu dalam Sakura-Con 2010. Mereka menjawab 15 pertanyaan seputar Badlands Rumble.

mengenal blog

Blog merupakan singkatan dari "web log" adalah bentuk aplikasi web yang menyerupai tulisan-tulisan (yang dimuat sebagai posting) pada sebuah halaman web umum. Tulisan-tulisan ini seringkali dimuat dalam urut terbalik (isi terbaru dahulu baru kemudian diikuti isi yang lebih lama), meskipun tidak selamanya demikian. Situs web seperti ini biasanya dapat diakses oleh semua pengguna internet sesuai dengan topik dan tujuan dari si pengguna blog tersebut.
Sejarah

Media blog pertama kali dipopulerkan oleh Blogger.com, yang dimiliki oleh PyraLab sebelum akhirnya PyraLab diakuisi oleh Google.Com pada akhir tahun 2002 yang lalu. Semenjak itu, banyak terdapat aplikasi-aplikasi yang bersifat sumber terbuka yang diperuntukkan kepada perkembangan para penulis blog tersebut.

Blog mempunyai fungsi yang sangat beragam,dari sebuah catatan harian, media publikasi dalam sebuah kampanye politik, sampai dengan program-program media dan perusahaan-perusahaan. Sebagian blog dipelihara oleh seorang penulis tunggal, sementara sebagian lainnya oleh beberapa penulis, . Banyak juga weblog yang memiliki fasilitas interaksi dengan para pengunjungnya, seperti menggunakan buku tamu dan kolom komentar yang dapat memperkenankan para pengunjungnya untuk meninggalkan komentar atas isi dari tulisan yang dipublikasikan, namun demikian ada juga yang yang sebaliknya atau yang bersifat non-interaktif.

Situs-situs web yang saling berkaitan berkat weblog, atau secara total merupakan kumpulan weblog sering disebut sebagai blogosphere. Bilamana sebuah kumpulan gelombang aktivitas, informasi dan opini yang sangat besar berulang kali muncul untuk beberapa subyek atau sangat kontroversial terjadi dalam blogosphere, maka h
al itu sering disebut sebagai blogstorm atau badai blog.